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Endothelium  - Development and Stem Cells


Endth

Anatomical Structure and Function:

The endothelium is the simple squamous epithelium that lines the innermost layer of the cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels and is continuous with the endocardial lining of the heart. Endothelial cells are active participants in a variety of vessel-related activities, including mechanical influences on blood flow, regulation of the transport of macromolecules and blood components from the interstitium to the lumen of the vessel, secretion of chemical mediators that influence the contractile state of the overlying smooth muscle, and contribution to capillary permeability. In addition, their smooth luminal surface facilitates efficient blood flow by reducing surface friction. The vascular endothelium is divided into arterial and venous endothelia, with additional differences between larger and smaller vessels.

The fenestrated endothelium, present in organs, such as the kidney and liver, that reabsorb water and small molecules or hormones, is characterized by the presence of circular windows in the endothelial cell body. These fenestrations allow transport of water and small hydrophilic molecules. The blood-brain barrier is unique in that it is made up of a nonfenestrated endothelium. Unique tight junctions result in impermeable connections between endothelial cells, separating the cerebral capillaries from the brain.

Embryonic Development:

Endothelial cells originate from the hemangioblast, a mesoderm-derived progenitor cell that gives rise to hematopoietic stem cells, and to angioblasts, the precursors of endothelial cells. These hemangioblasts then swell and form clusters, known as blood islands. These clusters exhibit the first distinction between the outer endothelial cells and the inner hematopoietic cells; the outer cells flatten and become endothelium, while the inner cells differentiate as hematopoietic cells.

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are two temporally separate processes which drive blood vessel development. During vasculogenesis, a network of blood vessels is created de novo by means of specification of embryonic endothelial cells, which then undergo proliferation, guided migration, coalescence, and finally, form a lumen. During angiogenesis, the primary vascular plexus is remodeled into an arborized network of large and small arteries and veins. In mammals, members of the Notch family mediate the choice of fate between arterial and venous endothelial cells; this choice is made soon after angioblast specification. The lymphatic endothelium is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that lines the lymph vessels and is developed from venous endothelial cells. The lymphatic endothelium is more permeable than the vascular endothelium.

Embryonic Development Ontology Tree
Endothelium

Gene Expression in
Endothelium

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High Throughput Gene Expression Comparisons and Large Scale Dataset Samples (43)
High throughput gene expression comparisons and large scale dataset samples that are linked directly to this organ card, or to its constituent cells/compartments


Method
Experiment/ Large Scale Dataset
Prenatal/ Postnatal
In vivo / In vitro
Related Card
Microarray, ESTLarge Scale Dataset: HomerPostnatalIn vivoEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale Dataset: Barcode 430 2.0PostnatalIn vivoEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale Dataset: Barcode U133 Plus 2.0PostnatalIn vivoEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale Dataset: Barcode U133APostnatalIn vivoEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale Dataset: Barcode U133APostnatalIn vivoEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale dataset: Cultured Cell CollectionPostnatalIn vitroEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale dataset: Cultured Cell CollectionPostnatalIn vitroEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale dataset: Cultured Cell CollectionPostnatalIn vitroEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale dataset: Cultured Cell CollectionPostnatalIn vitroEndothelium
MicroarrayLarge Scale dataset: Cultured Cell CollectionPostnatalIn vitroEndothelium
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Embryonic Development of
Endothelium

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Anatomical Compartments (3)
A list of anatomical compartments comprising the organ/tissue, along with information regarding their populating cells, gene expression and related high throughput experiments
Available Data
Synonyms
EIndex
Cells
Genes
High Throughput Gene Expression Comparisons and Large Scale Dataset Samples
 Endth.Vns219 
 Endth.Art213 
 Endth.Mcr227 
Cells (46)
Cells comprising the organ/tissue and/or its related developmental paths. Cells are listed according to their order of development from the first ancestors
Available Data
Developmental Path
Progenitor Status
Developmental Time
Genes
Signals
Diseases
Blood, EndotheliumE7 - E7.5186 
EndotheliumE7.5 - E8141 
EndotheliumE8.5 - E(N/A)2131 
EndotheliumPrenatal   
EndotheliumE8.5 - E(N/A)6  
EndotheliumPrenatal 1 
EndotheliumPrenatal   
EndotheliumE8.5 - E9.5301 
EndotheliumPrenatal338 
EndotheliumPrenatal133 
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Diseases and Related Cells/Compartments (4)
Organ-related diseases and the anatomical compartments and/or cells affected by the diseases or the cells that can serve as therapeutic candidates in cell therapies for the diseases
 
Type
Anatomical Compartment > Cell
Affected By
Potential Therapeutic Candidate
 
Cardinal Veins > Venous Endothelial Cells
 
Cardinal Veins > Venous Endothelial Cells
Signals (36)
Developmental signals related to the organ/tissue are listed with their relevant outcomes, developmental paths and associated cells.

Signals are listed according to their order of development from the first ancestor(s)

Name
Pathway
Outcome
Developmental Path
Affected Cells
Progenitor Status
Derived Cells
Notch1 - LowDifferentiationEndothelium
Posterior Primitive Streak > Hemangioblasts
Embryonic Blood Islands > Angioblasts
BMP4DifferentiationEndothelium
Posterior Primitive Streak > Hemangioblasts
Notch1 - HighDifferentiationEndothelium
Posterior Primitive Streak > Hemangioblasts
Extraembryonic Blood Islands > Primitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells
VEGFDifferentiationEndothelium
Posterior Primitive Streak > Hemangioblasts
Extraembryonic Blood Islands > Extraembryonic Angioblasts
Embryonic Blood Islands > Angioblasts
VEGFADifferentiationEndothelium
Perineural Capillary Plexus > Angioblasts
Blood Brain Barrier > Endothelial Cells
VEGFDifferentiationEndothelium
Chorionic Villus > Angioblasts
TGFβ1Inhibition of DifferentiationEndothelium
Periocular Mesenchyme > Periocular Mesenchymal Cells
Corneal Endothelium > Endothelial Cells
Corneal Stroma > Keratoblasts
RADifferentiationEndothelium
Periocular Mesenchyme > Periocular Mesenchymal Cells
Corneal Endothelium > Endothelial Cells
Corneal Stroma > Keratoblasts
Sema3A Endothelium
Periocular Mesenchyme > Periocular Mesenchymal Cells
S1PMigrationEndothelium
Extraembryonic Capillary Plexus > Extraembryonic Angioblasts
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Developmental Ontology of
Endothelium

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Develops from/Related to (2)
Organ(s)/Tissue(s) that are either the developmental ancestor(s) or consist of the organ/tissue at hand
EIndex
Anatomical Compartments
Cells
ExM49
LtPM1518
 

Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Related to
Endothelium

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Stem, Progenitor & Primary Cells (33)
Cultured stem, progenitor or primary cells which relate to the organ/tissue, and serve as cell sources for differentiation protocols, cell therapies or high throughput experiments
Available Data
 
Cell Type
Name
Provider
Genes
Protocols
Cell Therapies
Matched In Vivo Cells & Compartments
High Throughput Gene Expression Comparisons and Large Scale Dataset Samples
ASCGenetically modified vein-derived endothelial cellsMulti Gene Vascular Systems (MGVS)4 1  
ASCPeripheral blood-derived endothelial progenitor cellsHarvard University9 1  
ASCeNOS-transfected endothelial progenitor cellsOttawa Hospital Research Institute1 1  
ASCBone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cellsUniversity of Milan71   
ASCPeripheral blood-derived endothelial progenitor cellsZhejiang University4 1  
ASCPeripheral blood-derived endothelial progenitor cellsUniversity of Frankfurt3    
ASCeNOS-transfected endothelial progenitor cellsNorthern Therapeutics, Inc.1 1  
ASCPeripheral blood-derived early endothelial progenitor cellsQueen's University Belfast2  1 
ASCeNOS-transfected endothelial progenitor cellsNorthern Therapeutics, Inc.3 1  
ASCPeripheral blood-derived endothelial progenitor cellsHuazhong University of Science and Technology3    
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Differentiation Protocols (9)
Procedures used to differentiate stem cells into desired fates, that are linked to the Organ/Tissue, along with their related information
Available Data
Mapped/ Unmapped
Author
Year
Journal
Duration (days)
Functional Assays
High Throughput Gene Expression Comparisons and Large Scale Dataset Samples
Cell Therapies
Blancas AA et. al.2011 Stem Cells Dev16Yes  
James D et. al.2010 Nat Biotechnol20-30Yes2 
Levenberg S et. al.2010 Nat Protoc25-34Yes  
Hill KL et. al.2010 Exp Hematol30 Yes  
Nourse MB et. al.2010 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol14Yes  
Li Z et. al.2009 PLoS One18 Yes2 
Wang ZZ et. al.2007 Nat Biotechnol20Yes  
Quirici N et. al.2001 Br J Haematol   
Lagarkova MA et. al.2008 Cell Cycle   
Cell Therapies (51)
Therapeutic procedures tested in animal models or humans and their sponsor

The cell therapies are designed either to treat diseases affecting this organ/tissue or to utilize cells related to this organ/tissue for treatment of diseases affecting other organs

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Literature related to
Endothelium

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Chapters in Review of Medical Embryology (10)
Relevant chapters in "Review of Medical Embryology", by Ben Pansky, including links to the original chapter
References (5)
Bibliographic references, specifying the relevance of the citation, including links to PubMed
Relevance
Title
 
Journal
Year
Author
  • Description
Development of the endothelium: an emphasis on heterogeneity.Semin Thromb Hemost2010 Dyer LA, Patterson C.
  • Description
Principles of Human Anatomy (12th edition)John Wiley and sons2005 Tortora GJ Nielsen MT.
  • Description
Choose your fate: artery, vein or lymphatic vessel?Curr Opin Genet Dev2004 Harvey NL, Oliver G.
  • Description
Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling promotes critical migratory events in vasculogenesis.J Biol Chem2004 Argraves KM et. al.
  • Development
Developmental Biology, 9eSinauer Associates Inc.2010 Gilbert SF.
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